New Seven Wonders of the World

What did they care about, their hopes and dreams. The Upper part of the Canyon is an easier and shorter route to hike, while the Lower part is better suited for the more adventurous. “ Since the list came mostly from ancient Greek writings, only sites that would have been known and visited by the ancient Greeks were included. The new 7 wonders of nature are as follows. The tallest moai erected, called Paro, was almost 10 meters 33 ft high and weighed 75 tonnes. 35 Exotic Places To Visit In December In India 2023 To Enjoy A Surreal Vacation. And people around the world apparently agreed, as more than 100 million votes were cast on the Internet or by text messaging. This cost goes up once you add hiking to the Inca trail on your list. Under Emperor Titus, the first games included athletic performances, tragic dramas, and wild animal hunts. The city was built by the Inca empire around 1450 but was abandoned less than a century later during the Spanish conquest of Peru. Srishti Talks Of Her Amazing Trip To Singapore With Her Mother and Niece. The mythological great cities, or Tollans, that are mentioned in later Mesoamerican literature are also thought to include Chichen Itza. The Great Pyramid, located at Giza on the west bank of the Nile River north of Cairo in Egypt, is the only wonder of the ancient world that has survived to the present day. Considered to be one of the largest natural deep water bays on Earth, this colossal expanse of water is held by a granite rock formation. During the Colosseum’s opening ceremonies, spectacles were held for 100 days in which 5,000 of animals and 2,000 gladiators were killed. It is both the largest desert on Earth and the largest single mass of ice on the planet, covering some five million square miles, almost double the size of the entire United States. The list we are now aware of was compiled over a period of several centuries. As criteria, they determined that such a natural wonder must be a clearly defined site that was not produced or significantly altered by humans. The building’s complicated design, consisting of three rectangular layers, may have been an attempt to reconcile Lycian, Greek and Egyptian architectural styles. Well, you’re in luck. Petra was discovered by Johan Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812, until then it is unknown to the world. It is a 15th century Inca citadel, It is the most familiar icon of Inca civilization. This post contains references to products from one or more of our advertisers.

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Offbeat places in Thailand for Indian travellers. Explorers and scholars have identified over 800 individual monuments in the area. And millions of workers lost their lives during its construction, which also makes it the largest cemetery incognito casino in the world since these people were buried there. The Lighthouse of Alexandria was located on a small island called Pharos near the city of Alexandria. 2 km long gorge called Siq is access for the city. The Colosseum in Rome was built in the first century by order of the Emperor Vespasian. Under the Mayan tribe Itzá—who were strongly influenced by the Toltecs—a number of important monuments and temples were built. The lighthouse, made of large blocks of stone, reached a height of about 120 meters and for centuries was one of the tallest man made structures. It actually gives you only seven hours to drive the five total hours to get you to and from the Wonder, while still having enough time to check in to your next international flight. Located in the foothills of Wadi Rum desert, near the Dead Sea, in a canyon that collects water from the mountains of Petra, the Nabataeans, an ancient tribe that flourished in the sixth century, but which data are available from 3 centuries before Christ, were able to create a network of pipes and water pipes in a thirsty land, to attract their city to the caravans coming to Mecca or returning from the silk Road in Asia. We arrived into Beijing, noting that this was quite possibly the largest Chinatown either one of us had ever been to, and were promptly in a prearranged taxi on our way to the wall. A post shared by Johnny Ward 🌍🌎🌏 @onestep4ward on Aug 3, 2017 at 3:47am PDT.

7 Wonders Of The Modern World

It’s not wrong to call Petra a geographical and historical marvel. More than 7,000 feet above sea level in the Andes Mountains, Machu Picchu is the most visited tourist destination in Peru. If you ask me, this is the most beautiful building in the world, and the details are incredible as well as the story behind it. She wanted the river. The most fabulous of these structures were two marble temples built around 550 B. „That way, you can hear what people are saying from the other side of the pyramid. Namaste,The virtual Temple Pyramid of Kukulkan is nitedUniverseChurch. Mighty Glen Canyon Dam impounds 187 mile long, red cliffed Lake Powell, offering excellent fishing and other water sports. Other Things To Do In Alexandria: Explore the Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa, visit Pompey’s Pillar, enjoy a heritage tour in Alexandria, and more. The statue wasn’t constructed until 1931, so it’s not that old. The acropolis Athens, Greece. The nearest airport is Rio De Janeiro Galeao Airport which is about 24 km away. TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS AT EPHESUS. The site of the Batu Caves in Malaysia is one of the most impressive and inspiring Hindu complexes. The Spaniards never discovered Machu Picchu since the forest trails were burnt purposely when the Ancient Inca people left. The existence of the Hanging Gardens has not been proven, though theories abound.

The 7 Wonders of the Ancient World: Must See Destinations for Ancient Travelers

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Turkey. Where – Antarctica Best Time to Visit – November – January. Later writers described how people could walk underneath the beautiful gardens, which rested on tall stone columns. Chichen Itza symbolizes a blend of Mayan and Toltec architectural elements. A Swiss firm launched a campaign in 2000 to update the list of the 7 Wonders of the World. It was the tallest building in the world for over 4,000 years. These are the number of years in a century for the Maya. We know too that adventure feels better with a chilled beer poolside or a soft pillow at the end of each day and we search out comfortable hotels and boutique properties for your stay. The city began to decline, however, as trade routes shifted. The New 7 Wonders Foundation, established in 2001, relied on private donations and the sale of broadcast rights and received no public funding. However, the belief that Christians were martyred there—namely, by being thrown to lions—is debated. The Grand Canyon or Grand Canyon is one of the deepest canyons in the world. 31, said in a statement it will work to help its students transfer to other institutions, as well as help facu. Later on, it was named the treasury as it was believed to have contained treasures. The event has been very popular, but it is questionable whether it is a result of a purposeful design. We have already received your details. Temple of Apollo, Delhi, Greece. Com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. Wonderful Goa Family Package 3D/2N @ Rs 6,500. By rejecting non essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. They have recorded 401 species of birds, 19 reptiles, 10 amphibians, 13 fishes, 300 diurnal butterflies and 400 nocturnal, also recorded 309 species of orchids of the total of 1,625 species in the country, it is estimated that there are 200 additional species not recorded. It was built by Emperor Shah Jahān reigned 1628–58 to honor his wife Mumtāz Maḥal „Chosen One of the Palace“, who died in 1631 giving birth to their 14th child. These are the 7 Natural Wonders. 75 million tons, this is a titan of a creation. The interior of the pyramids included narrow corridors and hidden chambers in an unsuccessful attempt to foil grave robbers. Archeologists disagree as to whether the building had an open air ceiling or was topped with wood tiles. The Great Wall of China was built already 300 years B. “ It is called „Holy Mother“ because it is the largest mountain in the Himalayan Mountain Range – and the world. Unfortunately, the weather does not always play a part and you sometimes have to watch the beaches in the rain.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

From that 200 existing sites or monuments, seven were selected and these are the Giza pyramid, The Great Wall of China, Petra, Colosseum, Chichen Itza, Machu Picchu, Taj Mahal, and Christ the Redeemer. Other Things To Do In Alexandria: Explore the Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa, visit Pompey’s Pillar, enjoy a heritage tour in Alexandria, and more. Later the Nabataeans, an Arab tribe, made it their capital, and during this time it flourished, becoming an important trade center, especially for spices. It is located in the Cusco Region, Urubamba Province, Machupicchu District in Peru, above the Sacred Valley, which is 80 kilometres 50 mi northwest of Cuzco and through which the Urubamba River flows. The selection started in 2000, and the results were announced in Jul 2007. This site subsequently started to be extended and populated, although not yet as much as it would be later on, because the Ziri kings established their residence on the hill of the Albaicin. We also know it as Chomolungma in the Tibetan language, which means „Mother Goddess of Mountains“. The other 13 finalists, chronologically were. Visitors can cross the bridge over to Goat Island and gather new perspectives of the falls. To solve this, Giza was named an honorary Candidate. The falls are split into two main sections that differ in height. Test configurations on Windows. Designed by Sostratus of Cnidus in the third century BC, construction of the lighthouse did not begin until 305 BC, during the reign of Ptolemy Soter. The Incas abandoned the site a century later and it remained hidden for millennia, before being brought to public attention by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911. Somewhat disconcertingly, the statue has often been struck by lightning, and in 2014 the tip of Jesus’s right thumb was damaged during a storm.

6 Victoria Falls

The Zeus statue graced the temple at Olympia for more than eight centuries before Christian priests persuaded the Roman emperor to close the temple in the fourth century A. Seven Natural Wonders was established to protect the original vision and declaration of the seven natural wonders of the world. Here’s Why Aakanksha’s Trip To Manali Changed Her Idea About Group Tours. Entertainment Plus, Yucatreks, and Chichen Itza with Jerry. Visitors can view the falls from vantage points, or more adventurous travelers can swim in the river right up to the fall’s edge in low season and even bungee jump from the Victoria Falls Bridge. The statue depicts Jesus Christ with arms outspread and sits on top of the Corcovado mountain looking over the entire city. Talk to our experts today. Hikers will walk through sandy banks and lava fields surrounding the volcano. The Great Pyramid also known as the Pyramid of Khufu is not the only pyramid in Giza. Ideally, we wouldn’t have had to hire a donkey, but there was just no way we were going to make it in time. However, there are many different suggestions as to how ancient engineers could have managed it. Here’s the final list. It has also been declared by UNESCO as the 8th Wonder of the World. If you want to see Everest base camp without the hiking, you can also take a flight and land at this amazing part of the planet without breaking a sweat.

4 The Lighthouse of Alexandria

The box itself is a fraction larger, by only five millimetres. But I find that many players severely underestimate how important military can be. Furthermore, it is possible that at least one of the wonders might not have existed at all. The world is full of beautiful buildings, some of which are so exceptional that they have been designated as the new Seven Wonders of the World. Visit the world’s biggest salt flat. Sometimes it is very icy on the viewing places and nobody falls over the railing. If one studies the detailing of designing and construction, he can clearly understand the use of technology that made this iconic architecture in Greece perfect even after imperfection. The goals of this spectacular organisation at the time included management of trade and emigration, border control, imposition of tariffs on Silk Road trade, and defence. „The temple, originally constructed to celebrate Artemis, the Greek goddess of the hunt, became a revered place of worship. The press release concluded. The concept of the Seven Wonders of the World was first proposed in the fifth century B. For example would show as my story on the Web page containing your story. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page. A symbol of faith rising through the rainforests, reaching for the sky, hands outstretched towards the entire world. From awe inspiring design elements to hidden stories behind each structure, these wonders remain relevant today as they continue to capture imaginations across the globe. The Flavian Amphitheatre usually referred to as the Colosseum or Coliseum, is a spectacular amphitheatre that was constructed in Rome and inaugurated in AD. The temple is thought to have been a place of festivity and pilgrimage for followers of Artemis. See more: 10 Awe Inspiring Photos of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids. It was rediscovered in 1912 by archaeologists. There was actually more than one Temple of Artemis: A series of several altars and temples was destroyed and then restored on the same site in Ephesus, a Greek port city on the west coast of modern day Turkey. Machu Picchu is Cultural and Natural Patrimony of Humanity in 1983, headed the list of the 22 most sold Tourist Destinations in the world in 2008, was considered by Lonely Travel as one of the 10 most Representative Constructions in the World, the magazine „Skyroad“ is part of the 10 most Amazing Spiritual Destinations in the World and in 2016 TripAdvisor was chosen as the Best Destination in the World. Managing Safety Critical Elements in Building Construction. Admired for its breathtaking beauty, the mausoleum at Hailcarnassus located near the modern city of Bodrum in Turkey was built as the tomb for the Persian king Mausollos of Caria and was completed around 35 BC, a few years after the death of Mausollos. The colossal structure could hold 80,000 spectators, arranged in a circular ring around the central stage. „Grand Canyon National Park. The building burned on July 21, 356 B.

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Years later, Taxi2Airport. What is known is that Machu Picchu is one of the few major pre Columbian ruins found nearly intact. Archeologists disagree as to whether the building had an open air ceiling or was topped with wood tiles. This post office is 50 m deep and accepts special waterproof postcards that are available on the shore. Another highlight is the Whirlpool Aero Car that carries visitors over the Niagara Whirlpool on the Canadian side. To view our data privacy policy, clickhere. At the top, there is a Chac Mool. Chichen Itza , Cancun, Mexico. That the list above was used. Other no less spectacular sights from around the globe include some of the most fantastic World Heritage Sites. Designed by a professional geographer and cartographer, these maps feature incredible details that will inspire you to get out and explore the world. The Ming Dynasty Great Wall starts on the eastern end at ShanHai Pass, near QinHuangDao, in Hebei Province, next to Bohai Sea. It also has a lot of avalanches, which are roaring blasts of falling snow. The falls are situated on the Niagara River, which drains Lake Erie into Lake Ontario, and they straddle the border between the United States and Canada. Towards the end of the path, the gap exposes the magnificent 127 ft high and 82 ft wide carved monument, popularly known as the Treasury. Some of the city has been reconstructed by professional historians to give an impression to tourists of how the city once looked but much of it is still the same dry stone that was put there by the Incas. Archaeologists believe the citadel was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti in around 1450 in polished drystone walls. Plenty of hiking and camping opportunities are also available for adventurous travelers, particularly along the Grand Canyon South Rim. Independent visitors may be impressed by Chichen Itza, but understanding the Mayan way of life and the purpose of the buildings really makes the tour worthwhile. Later the Nabataeans, an Arab tribe, made it their capital, and during this time it flourished, becoming an important trade center, especially for spices. The New 7 Wonders of the World was a campaign started in 2001 to choose Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments. That the list above was used. The safety and health of our passengers has never been more important.

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In addition, they constructed a water system that allowed for lush gardens and farming. The nearest airport to Shuiguan Great Wall is Beijing Capital International Airport, which is located 74 km away. Do you agree with the new list. Two millennia ago, Petra flourished as one of the ancient Middle East’s most important commercial centres, strategically located at the crossroads of highly lucrative caravan trade routes carrying frankincense and myrrh from the wilds of southern Arabia, precious lapis lazuli from the hills of Afghanistan and silks and spices from far off India and China to the Mediterranean world to the west. The Colosseum in Rome was built in the first century by order of the Emperor Vespasian. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. The hanging gardens were believed to have been built around 600 B. Christ the Redeemer is made of reinforced concrete and is covered in approximately six million tiles. The science as we understand it today is that this effect is caused by electrically charged cosmic particles entering the Earth’s atmosphere. You can find the form here. Admired for its breathtaking beauty, the mausoleum at Hailcarnassus located near the modern city of Bodrum in Turkey was built as the tomb for the Persian king Mausollos of Caria and was completed around 35 BC, a few years after the death of Mausollos. Linking the ancient temples of Karnak and Luxor – two of Egypt’s most spectacular archaeological sites – this 3,000 year old, 1. And millions of workers lost their lives during its construction, which also makes it the largest cemetery in the world since these people were buried there. I wasn’t so keen on the Taj Mahal unfortunately, I think that’s because of the uncontrollable crowds which spoiled the visit there. Shah Jahan reigned 1628–58 built it in memory of his wife Mumtz Maal, known as „Chosen One of the Palace,“ who passed away in 1631 while giving birth to their 14th child. 425 BC and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene c. Along with partners from Digital Architektur and MIREVI University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf, in depth testing and briefings took place as the virtual. Northern Lights The bright dancing lights of the aurora are actually collisions between electrically charged particles from the sun that enter the earth’s atmosphere. Source: Irene Ortiz/ unsplash. The best time to explore this underwater universe is from June to October. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The Nabataeans, an Arab tribe, Made Petra their capital. Subscribe to our Newsletter. The necropolis was built in the 2nd century AD, for Egyptian royalty. The Al Khazneh is one of the most spectacular temples built in Petra. However, this ancient wonder remains open to the speculations of historians who often find themselves blank due to the lack of evidence of any kind in the Babylonian history. New7Wonders President and Founder, Bernard Weber, and Director, Jean Paul de la Fuente, visited the N7W virtual reality laboratory in Düsseldorf, Germany, to see and experience the latest developments for The Global Memory project. Photo: garanga via Shutterstock. Here are the details about the old 7 gems of the world. The picture perfect setting is over 7,000 feet above sea level located between the Machu Picchu and Huayna Picchu mountains and is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Peru and South America in general.

7 Wonders of the World

Hi I recently took part in uwcb in September 2017 and I am now looking for a new challenge, I’m really interested in taking part in one of the trails either the Inca one or Kilimanjaro. 3 million stone blocks were crafted to create this 5. Scientists believe that the Egyptians used log rollers and sledges to move the stones into place. Copies survive of the famous statue of Artemis, an un Greek representation of a mummylike goddess, standing stiffly straight with her hands extended outward. What are the 7 Wonders of Zambia. Exciting Andaman Family Trip 5D/4N @ Rs 10,250. Among the most notable is the stepped pyramid El Castillo „The Castle“, which rises 79 feet 24 meters above the Main Plaza. Christ the Redeemer is one of the modern man made wonders of the world, located in Corcovado hills in Rio De Janeiro. Please contact us to begin creating your personalised Zambia experience. Don’t keep it toyourself. The first tier consists of a rectangular bottom, the second an octagonal pillar, and the top a cylinder where fire burned to warn ships on the Nile of the city’s harbor. Its cinder cone is now 2800m above sea level. Many buildings were destroyed along with the advanced systems of water management that had been constructed by the Nabateans. Availability is generally easier to come by if you’re flying Iberia, where you will need to redeem.

The Great Pyramid of Giza Khufu Pyramid in 2005

It is both a critical waterway for shipping and a popular tourist destination, with stunning sandy beaches nearby you’ve probably heard of Ipanema and Copacabana. There was a campaign on the news programs to encourage people to vote for Chichen Itzá. Christ the Redeemer is the largest Art Deco sculpture in the world. According to ancient sources, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built by King Nebuchadnezzar II around 605 and 652 BCE. Somewhat disconcertingly, the statue has often been struck by lightning, and in 2014 the tip of Jesus’s right thumb was damaged during a storm. Selected from over 200 iconic landmarks and buildings, here are the majestic sites that made it into the list featuring seven new wonders of the world. For Art, Culture, Luxury, and more. Equally, if you’re looking for the 7 natural wonders of the world, check that here that’s the one with Mount Everest, and the Great Barrier Reef etc. Chichen Itza is open from 08:00 to 17:00 every day. View all American Revolution worksheets. Since then, most of the original list have been destroyed, aside from the Great Pyramid of Giza. The reef contains a huge variety of coral, fish and marine species, from plantlife and tiny aquatic organisms to sharks, turtles, and rays. It was organized by the Swiss based New7Wonders Foundation in order to select the greatest monuments from a pool of over 200 nominated sites. Due to overwhelming content, each of these hubs can be considered a home page of its own. WE CUSTOMIZE VIRTUALLY ALL SERVICES AVAILABLE IN PERU. Terms and Conditions. Com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. A massive statue that once stood tall at a height of 42 ft.

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The list of the seven actually, eight wonders of the world includes the following marvels: 1. „I have set eyes on the wall of lofty Babylon on which is a road for chariots, and the statue of Zeus by the Alpheus, and the hanging gardens, and the colossus of the Sun, and the huge labour of the high pyramids, and the vast tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the house of Artemis that mounted to the clouds, those other marvels lost their brilliancy, and I said, „Hey, apart from Olympus, the Sun never looked on so grand on anything“. On that field the residents played a ritual ball game popular throughout pre Columbian Mesoamerica. She was the daughter of Zeus and Leto. Here are the List of Seven Wonders of the World. Work began in the 7th century BCE and continued for two millennia. Visitors can view the falls from vantage points, or more adventurous travelers can swim in the river right up to the fall’s edge in low season and even bungee jump from the Victoria Falls Bridge. It’s perhaps during this time that we have our most knowledge of the building, and some of the column drum depictions. Com introduce each of these breathtaking locations to you. Although N7W describes itself as a not for profit organization, the company behind it—the New Open World Corporation NOWC—is a commercial business. The program drew a wide range of official reactions. It began spitting out lava in 1944 and continued doing so until 1952. Sophia Basilica and three of them were ancient monuments, the Acropolis of Athens, Stonehenge and the Moai of Easter Island. The Great Wall of China dates back to 220 B. Location: Banff National Park, Canada Type: Natural Landmark. By continuing to use this site, you accept our use of cookies. Other Things To Do In Agra: Sightseeing in Agra, tour the Khas Mahal, shopping in Kinari Bazaar, visit the Jehangir’s Palace, and more. According to legend, the sculptor Phidias asked Zeus for a sign of his approval after finishing the statue; soon after, the temple was struck by lightning. In these we will inform you about exciting topics, keep you up to date with the latest news and tell you about everything else from the world of board games. The Eiffel Tower, another of the 14 finalists, was built in 1889 and served as the entrance to the 1889 World’s Fair. And there is both the north and south rim to explore. It weighs 635 metric tons and is located at the peak of the 700 metre Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca National Park. The mausoleum was largely destroyed in an earthquake in the 13th century and its remains were later used in the fortification of a castle. Copyright © 2023 TravelPeri. But this Santiago Calatrava designed freestanding structure is not your ordinary station. While the volcano is still highly active, you can rarely detect any noises emanating from it. The Pyramids – I had wanted to visit the pyramids ever since I can remember. The structure is 38 meters high and weighs a total of 1145 tons† The span of the arms is 28 meters.

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Egyptians believed that there is an afterlife, and to offer every comfort and ease to their ancestors, these giant temple pyramids were built. Egyptologists believe that the magnificent monument, constructed from about 2 million blocks of stone and believed to have taken about 20 years and 20. Be sure to keep an eye on your baggage weight, as the smaller planes flying into these airports have lower limits. Find out what worldwide projects are taking place for the development of electric air travel and when you can fly emissions free. Petra was a city during ancient times and is a true wonder of the world. The campaigns and the organization are sometimes spelled as multiple words and sometimes as a single word. Want to know more about the 7 Wonders of the World. One not so great thing about the wall, however, was its effectiveness. The final results, which were announced in 2007, were met with cheers as well as some jeers—a number of prominent contenders, such as Athens’s Acropolis, failed to make the cut. The Hanging Gardens are thought to date back to around 600 BC. In 2000 a Swiss foundation launched a campaign to determine the New Seven Wonders of the World. One of the 21 Finalists. And in the centre of it all, the Dragon Throne is adorned in precious jewels and carvings of 13 dragon figures, the symbol of the emperor himself. Litter is not under control. Located in Agra, India, the Taj Mahal is more or less a white marble palace built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in loving memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal after her demise. 19th century poet and scholar John William Burgon described Petra as „a rose red city half as old as time.

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Location: Peru, South America Type: Archaeological Site. The first ’seven wonders of the ancient world‘ list was made more than 2000 years ago, by adventurous Hellenic travelers who marveled at the world’s most incredible man made constructions. However, he was deposed by one of his sons before any work began. The engineering capability of the Hanging Gardens was entirely possible. However the Great Barrier Reef, one of the most colourful places in the world, is under threat of coral bleaching, so make sure to visit responsibly. It is made up of 2,900 smaller reef sections and 900 islands which together make up some 2,300 kilometers of reef across 344,400 square kilometers of ocean. Others think that it was likely a pilgrimage site, while some believe it was a royal retreat. Later the Nabataeans, an Arab tribe, made it their capital, and during this time it flourished, becoming an important trade center, especially for spices. All these structures had survived the best of time and they continue to leave many wonderstruck with their brilliance. The following versions: 3. THE TEN WONDERS OF THE OCEAN. The best time to witness this phenomenon is from December through March. Subscribe to the FinGlobal newsletter to receive all the latest news and information regarding our services and South African expats. Machu Picchu was declared a UNESCO world heritage site in 1983 and declared a Peruvian Historic Sanctuary in 1981. Many lists have been made of the greatest structures built during modern times or of the greatest wonders existing today.